29 But every nation still made gods of its own and put them in the shrines of the high places that the Samaritans had made, every nation in the cities in which they lived. 30 The men of Babylon made Succoth-benoth, the men of Cuth made Nergal, the men of Hamath made Ashima, 31 and the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak; and the Sepharvites burned their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim. 32 They also feared the LORD and appointed from among themselves all sorts of people as priests of the high places, who sacrificed for them in the shrines of the high places. 33 So they feared the LORD but also served their own gods, after the manner of the nations from among whom they had been carried away.
34 To this day they do according to the former manner. They do not fear the LORD, and they do not follow the statutes or the rules or the law or the commandment that the LORD commanded the children of Jacob, whom he named Israel. 35 The LORD made a covenant with them and commanded them, “You shall not fear other gods or bow yourselves to them or serve them or sacrifice to them, 36 but you shall fear the LORD, who brought you out of the land of Egypt with great power and with an outstretched arm. You shall bow yourselves to him, and to him you shall sacrifice. 37 And the statutes and the rules and the law and the commandment that he wrote for you, you shall always be careful to do. You shall not fear other gods, 38 and you shall not forget the covenant that I have made with you. You shall not fear other gods, 39 but you shall fear the LORD your God, and he will deliver you out of the hand of all your enemies.” 40 However, they would not listen, but they did according to their former manner.
41 So these nations feared the LORD and also served their carved images. Their children did likewise, and their children’s children—as their fathers did, so they do to this day. – 2 Kings 17:29-41 ESV
“So they feared the Lord but also served their own gods.”
That phrase appears twice in the closing verses of chapter 17, and it aptly summarizes the spiritual state of the nation of Israel after it fell to the Assyrians. Many of its citizens had been captured and exiled to various locations in Assyria, and their vacancies were filled by people from other conquered nations who were forced to relocate to Israel and start new lives. This sudden influx of refugees from foreign countries turned Israel into a veritable melting pot and, ultimately, resulted in intermarriage between the remaining Jews and their new neighbors.
These newly transplanted inhabitants found themselves living in a foreign land where they didn’t understand the language or customs. They were strangers living in a strange place, but they found some comfort in the fact that many of their gods already had shrines dedicated to them in Israel. The ten northern tribes had been assimilating the gods of other nations for years. Under Jeroboam’s leadership, they had created their own gods, complete with temples and a priesthood. Under Ahab and Jezebel, they had adopted and promoted the worship of Baal and Asherah. And along the way, other kings of Israel had embraced the false gods of their foreign allies. So, the new arrivals to Israel found an atmosphere of religious tolerance and ecumenism.
Immediately after these foreign refugees arrived in Israel and took up residence in the abandoned cities of Samaria, they began worshiping their false gods. But the land on which they now lived belonged to Yahwah, and He took offense at their actions. He had set apart the land of Israel as holy and given to the descendants of Abraham as their inheritance. It was to have been a place where they lived in obedience to His will and worshiped Him alone. Their failure to do so led to their defeat and deportation at the hands of the Assyrians. However, their eviction from the land had not changed its sanctity or voided the covenant commitment God had made with His people. There was still a remnant of Jews living in the land of Israel, and He expected them to keep their end of the agreement they had made with Him.
So, when these foreigners began to worship their false gods on land that belonged to the one true God, they found themselves experiencing divine judgment.
But since these foreign settlers did not worship the LORD when they first arrived, the LORD sent lions among them, which killed some of them. – 2 Kings 17:25 NLT
As a result, the king of Assyria ordered that one of the exiled Israelite priests be sent back so that he might instruct the immigrants in the proper worship of Yahweh.
So one of the priests who had been exiled from Samaria returned to Bethel and taught the new residents how to worship the LORD. – 2 Kings 17:28 NLT
This highly pragmatic plan implemented by the king of Assyria was evidently successful. But while many of the new arrivals eagerly adopted Yahweh as their God, they added Him to their growing list of deities. He became just one more god to whom they offered sacrifices to win favor and good fortune.
These new residents worshiped the LORD, but they also appointed from among themselves all sorts of people as priests to offer sacrifices at their places of worship. And though they worshiped the LORD, they continued to follow their own gods according to the religious customs of the nations from which they came. – 2 Kings 17:32-33 NLT
With the sudden arrival of these various people groups, the religious landscape of Israel became ever more crowded and confused. Almost overnight, the idolatrous state of Israel exploded with new options and opportunities as the number of false gods continued to increase. The already tolerant and easily tempted Israelites found themselves surrounded by a virtual sea of new gods from which to choose.
Those from Babylon worshiped idols of their god Succoth-benoth. Those from Cuthah worshiped their god Nergal. And those from Hamath worshiped Ashima. The Avvites worshiped their gods Nibhaz and Tartak. And the people from Sepharvaim even burned their own children as sacrifices to their gods Adrammelech and Anammelech. – 2 Kings 17:30-31 NLT
The worship of Yahweh became increasingly more diluted and defused as a spirit of syncretism and religious pluralism spread over the land. The fall of Israel did not result in a spirit of repentance and religious reform among God’s people. In fact, His judgment of them was met by indifference and continued apostasy.
They continue to follow their former practices instead of truly worshiping the LORD and obeying the decrees, regulations, instructions, and commands he gave the descendants of Jacob, whose name he changed to Israel. – 2 Kings 17:34 NLT
There appears to be no remorse or repentance on the part of God’s people. Their neighbors had been taken captive and exiled to Assyria, but those who had been left behind remained just as committed to living in disobedience to God’s laws. And it seems that those who found themselves living as captives in Assyria were no less stubborn and unwilling to return to Yahweh. Yet when King Solomon dedicated the newly constructed Temple, he asked God to show mercy on His disobedient people, should they find themselves in exile and call out for help.
“If your people Israel are defeated by their enemies because they have sinned against you, and if they turn to you and acknowledge your name and pray to you here in this Temple, then hear from heaven and forgive the sin of your people Israel and return them to this land you gave their ancestors.” – 1 Kings 8:33-34 NLT
But they had failed to turn and acknowledge God’s name. They had refused to pray and ask for Yahweh’s forgiveness. Both those in exile and those living in the land of Israel continued to disobey His commands and violate His covenant agreement. And the author makes it clear that God took their disobedience seriously.
For the LORD had made a covenant with the descendants of Jacob and commanded them: “Do not worship any other gods or bow before them or serve them or offer sacrifices to them. But worship only the LORD, who brought you out of Egypt with great strength and a powerful arm. Bow down to him alone, and offer sacrifices only to him. Be careful at all times to obey the decrees, regulations, instructions, and commands that he wrote for you. You must not worship other gods. Do not forget the covenant I made with you, and do not worship other gods. You must worship only the LORD your God. He is the one who will rescue you from all your enemies.” – 2 Kings 17:35-39 NLT
They had no excuse. The remnant of Israelites still living in the land knew exactly what Yahweh expected of them, but they continued to reject His word and refused to repent. While the new residents were given instruction in the proper worship of Yahweh, they simply added Him to their long and growing list of god options. “While these new residents worshiped the LORD, they also worshiped their idols. And to this day their descendants do the same” (2 Kings 17:41 NLT).
This last verse is meant to convey a sense of inevitability and determinism. Nothing was going to change. They were fully committed to doing things their way, regardless of the circumstances or consequences. By the time Jesus appeared on the scene centuries later, the long-term implications of this syncretistic and overly tolerant religious mindset had resulted in the division between the Jews and the Samaritans. The foreigners transplanted into Israel by the king of Assyria eventually intermarried with the remaining Jewish population. These mixed marriages led to the assimilation of cultures and religions, producing a population known as the Samaritans. The Samaritans were considered to be half-breeds by the Jews of Jesus’ day and were treated as second-class citizens. They practiced a religion that combined the worship of Yahweh with aspects of paganism and idolatry. As the Samaritan woman confessed to Jesus, they even had their own place of worship, outside the confines of Jerusalem (John 4:20).
Chapter 17 of 2 Kings brings the story of the northern kingdom to a dramatic and somber close. At this point, part of the nation is living in exile in Assyria; the rest remain in the land but are marked by a spirit of spiritual syncretism and moral compromise. There will be no more kings to rule over the ten tribes. They will remain under God’s judgment and experience the curses He had warned would come should they choose to disobey. But the author will turn his attention back to the southern kingdom of Judah. For now, they remain free to follow God's commands. But will they? The author provides a not-so-subtle hint of what lies in store for the people of Judah.
Because the LORD was very angry with Israel, he swept them away from his presence. Only the tribe of Judah remained in the land. But even the people of Judah refused to obey the commands of the LORD their God, for they followed the evil practices that Israel had introduced. – 2 Kings 17:18-19 NLT
The handwriting is on the wall, and the fate of the nation of Judah seems sealed by their stubborn refusal to learn anything from the fall of their northern neighbors. They had been eyewitnesses to the stark reality of Yahweh’s judgment and yet failed to make a much-needed course correction.
The prophet Jeremiah records Yahweh’s less-than-flattering assessment of the northern kingdom’s fall from grace and His prognosis for Judah’s future.
“Have you seen what fickle Israel has done? Like a wife who commits adultery, Israel has worshiped other gods on every hill and under every green tree. I thought, ‘After she has done all this, she will return to me.’ But she did not return, and her faithless sister Judah saw this. She saw that I divorced faithless Israel because of her adultery. But that treacherous sister Judah had no fear, and now she, too, has left me and given herself to prostitution. Israel treated it all so lightly—she thought nothing of committing adultery by worshiping idols made of wood and stone. So now the land has been polluted. But despite all this, her faithless sister Judah has never sincerely returned to me. She has only pretended to be sorry. I, the LORD, have spoken!” – Jeremiah 3:6-10 NLT
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